See strūbēn on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "opstruiven"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "struivelen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "struven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*strūvon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "strūben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "strūbēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*strūb",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/strūb"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*strūb",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "stiff, rough"
},
"expansion": "*strūb (“stiff, rough”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *strūb (“stiff, rough”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*strūbēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/strūbēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 32 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to be stiff, be unmovable"
],
"id": "en-strūbēn-gmw-pro-verb-YofH7X46",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"unmovable",
"unmovable"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 32 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to become stiff, become unmovable"
],
"id": "en-strūbēn-gmw-pro-verb-MxlJx9Yv",
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"unmovable",
"unmovable"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "31 32 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "29 30 41",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 26 49",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"to stand upright (of hair or feathers)"
],
"id": "en-strūbēn-gmw-pro-verb-A0mVp7DT",
"links": [
[
"upright",
"upright"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "strūbēn"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-West Germanic class 3 weak verbs",
"Proto-West Germanic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-West Germanic lemmas",
"Proto-West Germanic terms suffixed with *-ēn (stative-fientive)",
"Proto-West Germanic verbs"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "opstruiven"
},
{
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"reshaped by analogy or addition of morphemes"
],
"word": "struivelen"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Dutch",
"lang_code": "dum",
"word": "struven"
}
],
"lang": "Old Dutch",
"lang_code": "odt",
"word": "*strūvon"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"word": "strūben"
}
],
"lang": "Old High German",
"lang_code": "goh",
"word": "strūbēn"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*strūb",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/strūb"
],
[
"*-ēn",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-ēn#Proto-West_Germanic:_stative-fientive"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "*strūb",
"3": "*-ēn",
"id2": "stative-fientive",
"t1": "stiff, rough"
},
"expansion": "*strūb (“stiff, rough”) + *-ēn",
"name": "suffix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From *strūb (“stiff, rough”) + *-ēn.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnijas",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnijē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēniju",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"infinitive",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dēs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dum",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dud",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēnþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dun",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīm",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīd",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"second-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?dīn",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbē",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēþ",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūbēndī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "strūb?d",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmw-pro",
"2": "verb"
},
"expansion": "*strūbēn",
"name": "head"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "gmw-infl-verb-wk3"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-West Germanic",
"lang_code": "gmw-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/strūbēn",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"to be stiff, be unmovable"
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"unmovable",
"unmovable"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to become stiff, become unmovable"
],
"links": [
[
"stiff",
"stiff"
],
[
"unmovable",
"unmovable"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"to stand upright (of hair or feathers)"
],
"links": [
[
"upright",
"upright"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "strūbēn"
}
Download raw JSONL data for strūbēn meaning in All languages combined (4.7kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.